instrumentality theories of work motivation

employees are seldom passive observers of the events that occur in the work place. they form impressions of others and the events that affect them. the problem of how to motivate employees has puzzled and frustrated managers for generations however, the topic has received considerable and sustained attention in recent decades different motivational theories are developed and the related research is enriched. istrumentality approaches, not fairly known in iranian organizational literature, are discussed in this paper and their applications in work setting are introduced.